Internet Explorer 10

Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 8 operates in two different modes. When running as a Windows8 app, it is known simply as Internet Explorer. When operated on the desktop, it is called Internet Explorer for the desktop.Internet Explorer for the desktop is a traditional browsing experience with a tabbed interface and as a Windows 8 app, it provides an immerse,full-screen browser optimized for a touch interface .This enhances the user experience of sites so that they perform more like apps. Internet Explorer 10 uses a single rendering engine, supporting many of the new web standards through CSS3 and HTML5 features. It uses hot spots to provide input and interaction with the webpages and with the browser itself.

With Internet Explorer10 you can pin sites for easy access by tapping the pin icon, and  allows  to name the pin.Pinned sites remain on the Start screen, much like a bookmark .The address bar in Internet Explorer also acts as a quick search box with automatic site suggestions, and the controls provide easy access to recently visited and pinned sites from right within the browser.Internet Explorer 10 provides Adobe Flash within the platform and includes numerous new Group Policy settings to enablecustomization.Do Not Track(DNT) is now available to enhance privacy online.This feature enables users to express their preference about whether their browsing history should be collected and used for targeted ads, content, and other purposes.Enhanced Protected Mode reduces the browser’s capabilities and the information that it provides to untrusted sites. With Enhanced Protected Mode, Internet Explorer 10 cannot access protected locations that contain personal information. Internet Explorer 10 with Enhanced Protected Mode also cannot access domain credentials unless allowed to do so.It also supports several additional CSS features such as CSS3 regions, flexible box, grid, and multi column layout,device adaptation,3D transforms, fonts, animations, gradients, transitions, and more.Additional HTML5 support features like history,Web Workers, Web Sockets, Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), asynchronousscript execution, and several application programming interfaces (APIs) like AppCache,File, and Drag-and-Drop.Internet Explorer uses a new Flip Ahead feature that makes navigating sites through the touch interface easy. Users can “flip” to the next page with a swipe and can navigate backwards using a swipe gesture as well. This is especially useful when browsing search results and multi page news articles.

Version History of Android

The Major Releases of Android OS are follows
The Android beta was released on  November 2007.

On  September 2008, Android 1.0, the first commercial version of the software was released,and the first Android device, the HTC Dream, incorporated the  Android 1.0 features.
On  February 2009, the Android 1.1 update was released
On April 2009, the Android 1.5 update was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.27. This was the first release to officially use a name based on a dessert ("Cupcake"),a theme which would be used for all releases in the future.
On September 2009, the Android 1.6 SDK ("Donut")  was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29
On October 2009, the Android 2.0 SDK("Eclair") was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.29
On January 2010, the Android 2.1 Eclair was released
On May 2010, Android 2.2  SDK ("Froyo") was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.32
On January 2011 Android 2.2.1 Froyo was released
Same month of 2011 an updated version of android (Android 2.2.2 Froyo) was released
On November 2011 Android 2.2.3 Froyo was released.
On December 2010, the Android 2.3 SDK ("Gingerbread") was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.35. Same month of  2010 an updated version of android (Android 2.3.1 Gingerbread) was released
On January 2011 Android 2.3.2 Gingerbread was released.
On February 2011 Android 2.3.3 Gingerbread was released.
On April 2011 Android 2.3.4 Gingerbread was released.
On July 2011 Android 2.3.5 Gingerbread was released.
On September 2011 Android 2.3.6 Gingerbread was released.
Same month of 2011 Android 2.3.7 Gingerbread was released.
On February 2011, the Android 3.0 SDK ("Honeycomb") the first tablet-only Android update  was released, based on Linux kernel 2.6.36 and the first device featuring this version was the Motorola Xoom tablet.
On May 2011 Android 3.1 Honeycomb was released.
On July 2011 Android 3.2 Honeycomb was released.
On September 2011 Android 3.2.1 Honeycomb was released.
On August 2011 Android 3.2.2 Honeycomb was released.
Same  month of  2011 Android 3.2.3 Honeycomb was released.
On December 2011 Android 3.2.4 Honeycomb was released.
On January 2012 Android 3.2.5 Honeycomb was released.
On Februaryr 2012 Android 3.2.6 Honeycomb was released.
On October 2011 Android 4.0 SDK ("Ice Cream Sandwich")was released, based on Linux kernel 3.0.1.
Same month of 2011 Android 4.0.1 Ice Cream Sandwich was released
On November 2011 Android 4.0.2 Ice Cream Sandwich was released
On July 2012 Android 4.1 ("Jelly Bean") was released, Based on Linux kernel 3.0.31
Same month of 2012 Android 4.1.1 Jelly Bean was released
On October 2012 Android 4.1.2 Jelly Bean was released

On November 2012 Android 4.2 Jelly Bean was released, and The first devices to run Android 4.2 were LG's Nexus 4 and Samsung's Nexus 10.
The latest android version is Jelly Bean 4.2.1  was released on the same month of 2012

Android

The Android operating system developed by Google become one of the most popular OS in the world which is used in mobile phones,tablets, net books,televisions, set-top boxes, and even automobiles.The Android OS is open source and incorporates enterprise requirements, such as exchange support, remote wipe, and Virtual Private Network (VPN) support etc.Device diversity, quick adaptation  and  multiprocessing support  helped Android grow fast.Android is an embedded OS that relies on the Linux kernel for core system services,but it is not embedded Linux.Android not supported standard Linux utilities such as X-windows and GNU C libraries etc.Writing applications for Android utilizes the Java framework, but it is not Java. Standard Java libraries such as Swing are not supported.Other libraries such as Timer  have been replaced by Android’s own libraries, which are optimized for usage in a resource constrained,embedded environment.
The Android OS is organized into the following images:
 Boot loader—Initiates loading of the boot image during start up
 Boot image—Kernel and RAM disk
 System image—Android operating system platform and apps
 Data image—User data saved across power cycles
 Recovery image—Files used for rebuilding or updating the system
 Radio image—Files of the radio stack
These images are stored on nonvolatile flash memory, so they are protected when the device powers down.The flash memory is used like read-only memory , but can it be rewritten as necessary. On start up, the microprocessor executes the boot loader to load the kernel and RAM disk to RAM for quick access.The microprocessor then executes instructions and pages portions of the system and data images into RAM as needed.The radio image resides on the base band processor, which connects to the radio hardware.

Keyboard shortcuts of Windows 8

By making the interface more touch-friendly,Microsoft has added a few keyboard shortcuts that mostly make the windows 8 navigation more easily.
Alt-F4 —  This will close  applications .
Windows Key-I — This pops up the new system tray, which slides in from the right. If  hit the Space or Enter key , the  control panel opens. If  hit  Enter key again windows8 shut down the computer.

Windows Key — using this key  popping up the Start Screen for multi-monitor setup is actually more comfortable and an excellent way to check  mail, instant messages, and so on. Tapping Windows Key again hides the Start Screen and returns to the previous app . If  start typing the name of an app from the Start Screen, Windows will automatically start looking for it (just like Windows 7).
Windows Key-F — If specifically want to search through files, rather than apps, use this shortcut key..
Windows Key-W searches for settings.
Windows Key-C — Opens the  Charms menu  and then use the arrow keys to navigate. 

Alt-Tab —  switches through Desktop and  applications
Windows-Tab — This cycles through the Metro apps.
Windows Key-Z — In a Metro app, this opens the App Bar (i.e. the app’s menu).
Windows-Page Up — This switches which screen the Metro interface (i.e. the Start Screen and any Metro apps) appears on. This is only useful if you have a multi-monitor setup.
These are the main shortcuts and many Windows 7 shortcuts still work  too in windows8  but with slightly different functionality.

Windows8

Windows8
New operating system released by Microsoft on 26 October 2012. It still comes with the traditional Windows desktop, but the start screen is new. Start screen fills the entire screen with large, colorful tiles that constantly update to show the latest stock prices, weather,e-mail, Facebook updates etc.In the previous versions these information  appears only with a touch of a button.The Start screen is designed for touchscreens and  those screens controlled with  fingertip. But in windows 8 the Start screen  also appears on the desktop PC.

To open a program, click or tap a program’s tile from the Start screen, and Windows shuffles  back to the desktop, where the newly opened program awaits.Previous versions of Windows let you sign in as soon as you turned on your computer. Windows8, by contrast, makes you unlock a screen before moving to the sign in page, where you type in your name and password.To unlock the lock screen  click any mouse button or Press any key on the keyboard or in touchscreen touch the screen with  finger and then slide the finger up the glass then click on the account and type password.A password is more important  in Windows 8 because  a username with a password protect the user from unauthorized access of private files.
There is a Charms bar that is placed vertically and there are all the functions for accessing files, programs and applications – device management, searching option, sharing option, settings etc. Another unique feature of windows 8 is the multi monitor support.Windows 8 has a built in antivirus and update automatically from the internet